![]() The process is supported by histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, nitrogen oxide, hydrolases and reactive oxygen species (ROS). This stage is characterized by vessels widening and increasing their permeability. The inflammatory phase begins after 24 h from injury and lasts for up to 48 h. TGF-α, bFGF and VEGF activate endothelial cells to angiogenesis. PDGF and TGF-β recruit monocytes and neutrophils and initiate an inflammatory response and start the second stage of the healing process-the inflammatory phase. The aggregated platelets release from alfa-granules as growth factors, namely platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor α (TGF-α), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). After 24 h from the injury, a temporary matrix in wound is created. The platelets undergo adhesion, aggregation and activation. The narrowing of the vessels is caused by serotonin, thromboxane A2 and adrenaline. The first stage starts after an injury appears. Wound healing is a complex process consisting of four overlapping phases: hemostasis and the formation of a clot, inflammation, proliferation, which involves the biosynthesis of the extracellular matrix (ECM), epithelialization and angiogenesis and the last stage-tissue remodeling. However, therapy with bee venom may induce allergic reactions, so it is necessary to assess the existence of the patient’s hypersensitivity to apitoxin before treatment. The effect of BV on the wounds has been proved by numerous studies, which revealed that BV in the wound healing process brings about a curative effect and could be applied as a new potential treatment for wound repair. ![]() In combination with polyvinyl alcohol and chitosan, BV significantly accelerates the wound healing process, increasing the hydroxyproline and glutathione and lowering the IL-6 level in wound tissues. BV stimulates the proliferation and migration of human epidermal keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Moreover, the activity of BV in wound healing is associated with regulating the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF-β1), vascular endothelial growth factor and increased collagen type I. It had been found that BV accelerated the wound healing in diabetic patients as well as in laboratory animals by impairing the caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9 activity. The impaired wound healing process constitutes a significant problem especially in diabetic patients, due to hypoxia state. The mentioned process consists of four phases, i.e., hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and remodeling. It possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antifungal, antiviral, antimicrobial and analgesic properties, all of which have a positive impact on the wound healing process. BV plays a crucial role in the modulation of the different phases of wound repair. ![]() It is also known that BV can improve the wound healing process. Bee venom (BV), also known as api-toxin, is widely used in the treatment of different inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or multiple sclerosis.
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